Nhìn vào biểu đồ có thể thấy mức dao động trong sự phát triển của trẻ lớn đến thế nào. Thế nên, các ông bố bà mẹ không cần phải tiêu tốn sức lực vào việc so sánh con mình với con hàng xóm hay lo lắng khi tự cho rằng con mình "chậm phát triển"
Tuesday, December 30, 2008
Windows of achievement for 6 gross motor milestones
Nhìn vào biểu đồ có thể thấy mức dao động trong sự phát triển của trẻ lớn đến thế nào. Thế nên, các ông bố bà mẹ không cần phải tiêu tốn sức lực vào việc so sánh con mình với con hàng xóm hay lo lắng khi tự cho rằng con mình "chậm phát triển"
thuốc kháng sinh - antibiotics
Thuốc kháng sinh được dùng để chống lại vi khuẩn (bacteria) chứ không phải để chống lại vi trùng hay siêu vi (virus). Do đó, việc chuẩn đoán bệnh do vi trùng hay vi khuẩn gây ra rất quan trọng. Ví dụ: cúm (flu) và cảm (common cold) đều do virus gây ra hay viêm tai ở trẻ em thường do vi khuẩn gây ra.
Chỉ sự dụng thuốc kháng sinh khi thật sự cần thiết. Sử dụng kháng sinh thường xuyên sẽ dẫn đến "lờn" thuốc. Khi cho trẻ uống kháng sinh thì lưu ý phải uống ĐỦ liều (không tự tiện ngưng hay cắt bớt), thậm chí khi trẻ đã bớt.
Viêm tai ở trẻ là một bệnh rất thường gặp (khoảng 2/3 trẻ bị mắc chứng này trong 2 năm đầu đời). Viêm tai có thể do cảm hay cúm gây ra vì khi trẻ bị cảm hay cúm, tai giữa của trẻ bị ẩm - môi trường thuận lợi cho vi khuẩn phát triển. Trẻ bị viêm tai hay khóc khi ăn (cử động nuốt làm trẻ bị đau) hoặc khó ngủ (nằm gây áp lực lên tại) & sốt.
Còn trong trường hợp cảm thông thường thì không nên quá lo lắng. Sự chiến đấu chống lại nhiễm trùng & bệnh sẽ giúp cho hệ miễn dịch của trẻ phát triển.
Chỉ sự dụng thuốc kháng sinh khi thật sự cần thiết. Sử dụng kháng sinh thường xuyên sẽ dẫn đến "lờn" thuốc. Khi cho trẻ uống kháng sinh thì lưu ý phải uống ĐỦ liều (không tự tiện ngưng hay cắt bớt), thậm chí khi trẻ đã bớt.
Viêm tai ở trẻ là một bệnh rất thường gặp (khoảng 2/3 trẻ bị mắc chứng này trong 2 năm đầu đời). Viêm tai có thể do cảm hay cúm gây ra vì khi trẻ bị cảm hay cúm, tai giữa của trẻ bị ẩm - môi trường thuận lợi cho vi khuẩn phát triển. Trẻ bị viêm tai hay khóc khi ăn (cử động nuốt làm trẻ bị đau) hoặc khó ngủ (nằm gây áp lực lên tại) & sốt.
Còn trong trường hợp cảm thông thường thì không nên quá lo lắng. Sự chiến đấu chống lại nhiễm trùng & bệnh sẽ giúp cho hệ miễn dịch của trẻ phát triển.
Sunday, November 30, 2008
Nhiều khi rỗi (đúng hơn là không muốn làm việc tử tế), lang thang vào các forum nuôi dạy trẻ... đọc lung tung rồi thắc mắc lung tung
- tại sao trẻ con phải càng to càng béo? Có bà mẹ con 9 tháng tuổi, nặng 10kg mà vẫn kêu còm. Có bé 10 tháng năng trên 14kg, dài 84 cm, ngày ăn 9 bữa - đọc mà choáng váng (theo thống kê của WHO cho bé gái thì 14kg ứng với đường 50% là 3 tuổi, 84cm là 19 tháng tuổi).
- tại sao lại cho bé ăn liên tục cả ngày (thế thì thời gian đâu để cơ thể tiêu hóa & hấp thụ thức ăn)? Kỷ lục đọc được là 14 lần/ngày cho 1 bé 7 tháng tuổi.
- tại sao phải nhồi nhét bé đủ kiểu thức ăn & thuốc bổ (thậm chí cho uống thuốc do "được mách" chứ không phải do bác sĩ hướng dẫn)? Sức khỏe đâu chỉ thể hiện bằng chiều cao cân nặng (mà chưa hẳn rất cao hay rất nặng đã là tốt - cao quá khổ sẽ gặp nhiều trở ngại trong sinh hoạt; nặng quá - béo phì thì khỏi phải nói rồi, bao nhiêu là nguy cơ bệnh)
- tại sao lại cho bé bú đêm thay vì để bé ngủ đẫy giấc đến sáng? Chẳng phải bé "tăng trưởng" trong khi ngủ sao? Rất nhiều bé đã 3-4 tuổi mà vẫn bú đêm.
- tại sao cứ phải xay nghiền tất tần tật thật nhuyễn thật nhừ, ngay cả khi bé đã có răng & thậm chí đã đến tuổi đi học? Nhai giúp phát triển cơ hàm, hỗ trợ bé tập nói thì sao không cho bé tập nhai sớm hơn?
- tại sao...
- tại sao...
- tại sao...
- tại sao trẻ con phải càng to càng béo? Có bà mẹ con 9 tháng tuổi, nặng 10kg mà vẫn kêu còm. Có bé 10 tháng năng trên 14kg, dài 84 cm, ngày ăn 9 bữa - đọc mà choáng váng (theo thống kê của WHO cho bé gái thì 14kg ứng với đường 50% là 3 tuổi, 84cm là 19 tháng tuổi).
- tại sao lại cho bé ăn liên tục cả ngày (thế thì thời gian đâu để cơ thể tiêu hóa & hấp thụ thức ăn)? Kỷ lục đọc được là 14 lần/ngày cho 1 bé 7 tháng tuổi.
- tại sao phải nhồi nhét bé đủ kiểu thức ăn & thuốc bổ (thậm chí cho uống thuốc do "được mách" chứ không phải do bác sĩ hướng dẫn)? Sức khỏe đâu chỉ thể hiện bằng chiều cao cân nặng (mà chưa hẳn rất cao hay rất nặng đã là tốt - cao quá khổ sẽ gặp nhiều trở ngại trong sinh hoạt; nặng quá - béo phì thì khỏi phải nói rồi, bao nhiêu là nguy cơ bệnh)
- tại sao lại cho bé bú đêm thay vì để bé ngủ đẫy giấc đến sáng? Chẳng phải bé "tăng trưởng" trong khi ngủ sao? Rất nhiều bé đã 3-4 tuổi mà vẫn bú đêm.
- tại sao cứ phải xay nghiền tất tần tật thật nhuyễn thật nhừ, ngay cả khi bé đã có răng & thậm chí đã đến tuổi đi học? Nhai giúp phát triển cơ hàm, hỗ trợ bé tập nói thì sao không cho bé tập nhai sớm hơn?
- tại sao...
- tại sao...
- tại sao...
Nhu cầu dinh dưỡng của trẻ từ 1 đến 4 tuổi
- Bánh mì: 1-3 lát
- Khoai tây/cơm/mì (nguồn carbonhydrate/bột): 50-100g
- Rau: 50-100g
- Hoa quả: 100-200g
- Sữa ít béo (& các sản phẩm từ sữa): 300ml
- Phó mát: 10g
- Thịt cá hay đậu phụ (nguồn protein/đạm): 50g
- Dầu/bơ thực vật: 20g (5g cho bánh mì & 15g cho nấu nướng)
- Nước (kể cả sữa): 800ml
- Khoai tây/cơm/mì (nguồn carbonhydrate/bột): 50-100g
- Rau: 50-100g
- Hoa quả: 100-200g
- Sữa ít béo (& các sản phẩm từ sữa): 300ml
- Phó mát: 10g
- Thịt cá hay đậu phụ (nguồn protein/đạm): 50g
- Dầu/bơ thực vật: 20g (5g cho bánh mì & 15g cho nấu nướng)
- Nước (kể cả sữa): 800ml
Friday, August 15, 2008
Babies and solid foods: What to serve when
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/healthy-baby/PR00029
Most babies are ready for solid foods between ages 4 months and 6 months. Here's when — and how — to make the transition from breast milk or formula to solid foods.
Does your baby seem interested in what you're eating? Does your baby open his or her mouth if you offer a spoon? It might be time to introduce solid foods. But don't retire those bottles or nursing pillows just yet. Make the transition to solid foods gradually.
Is your baby ready for solid foods?
Breast milk or formula is the only food your newborn needs. Within four to six months, however, your baby will begin to develop the coordination to move solid food from the front of the mouth to the back for swallowing. At the same time, your baby's head control will improve and he or she will learn to sit with support — essential skills for eating solid foods.
Most babies are ready to begin eating solid foods as a complement to breast-feeding or formula-feeding between ages 4 months and 6 months. Look for these cues:
* Can your baby hold his or her head in a steady, upright position?
* Can your baby sit with support?
* Is your baby interested in what you're eating?
If you answer no to any of these questions, you may want to postpone solids for a while.
What to serve when
Continue feeding your baby breast milk or formula as usual. When your baby's doctor or dietitian says it's OK to begin supplementing your baby's liquid diet:
* Start with baby cereal. Mix 1 teaspoon (5 milliliters) of a single-grain, iron-fortified baby cereal with 4 to 5 teaspoons (20 to 25 milliliters) of breast milk or formula. Many parents start with rice cereal. Even if the cereal barely thickens the liquid, resist the temptation to serve it from a bottle. Instead, help your baby sit upright and offer the cereal with a small spoon once or twice a day. Once your baby gets the hang of swallowing runny cereal, mix it with less liquid. For variety, you might offer single-grain oatmeal or barley cereals.
Some babies eat cereal with gusto right from the start. Others are less enthusiastic. Be patient. If your baby isn't interested, wait a week or two and try again.
* Add pureed meat, vegetables and fruits. Once your baby masters cereal, gradually introduce pureed meat, vegetables and fruits. Offer single-ingredient foods at first, and wait one week between each new food. If your baby has a reaction to a particular food — such as diarrhea, rash or vomiting — you'll know the culprit.
* Offer finely chopped finger foods. By ages 8 months to 10 months, most babies can handle small portions of finely chopped finger foods, such as soft fruits, well-cooked pasta, graham crackers and ground meat. As your baby approaches his or her first birthday, mashed or chopped versions of whatever the rest of the family is eating will become your baby's main fare. Continue to offer breast milk or formula with and between meals.
To help prevent food allergies, parents were once encouraged to avoid feeding young children eggs, fish and peanut butter. Today, however, researchers say there's no convincing evidence that avoiding these foods during early childhood will help prevent food allergies. Still, it's a good idea to check with your baby's doctor or dietitian if any close relatives have a food allergy. And remember that peanut butter poses a choking hazard for babies.
What about juice?
You can offer mild, 100 percent fruit juices when your baby is 9 months old. Juice isn't a necessary part of a baby's diet, however, and it's not as valuable as the original fruit itself. If you offer juice to your baby, limit it to about 4 ounces (118 milliliters) a day, and serve it in a cup. Too much juice may contribute to weight problems and diarrhea, as well as thwart your baby's appetite for more nutritious solid foods. Sipping juice throughout the day or while falling asleep may lead to tooth decay.
Know what's off-limits
Don't offer cow's milk, citrus or honey before age 1. Cow's milk doesn't meet an infant's nutritional needs. Cow's milk isn't a good source of iron and, for infants, cow's milk can lead to iron deficiency anemia. Citrus can cause a painful diaper rash, and honey may contain spores that can cause a serious illness known as botulism.
Don't offer your baby foods that pose a choking hazard, including:
* Small, slippery foods, such as whole grapes, hot dogs and hard candy
* Dry foods that are hard to chew, such as popcorn, raw carrots and nuts
* Sticky or tough foods, such as peanut butter and large pieces of meat
* Foods that may clump together, such as raisins
For babies younger than age 4 months, also avoid home-prepared spinach, beets, turnips and collard greens, which may contain high levels of potentially harmful compounds from soil (nitrates).
Make meals manageable
When your baby begins eating solid food, mealtime is sure to become an adventure. Here's help making it more enjoyable — for both you and your baby.
* Stay seated. At first, you may feed your baby in an infant seat or propped on your lap. As soon as your baby can sit easily without support, use a highchair with a broad, stable base. Buckle the safety straps, and keep other children from climbing or hanging on to the highchair.
* Encourage exploration. Your baby is likely to play with his or her food between bites. Although it's messy, hands-on fun helps fuel your baby's development. Place a dropcloth on the floor so you won't worry about falling food.
* Introduce utensils. Offer your baby a spoon to hold while you feed him or her with another spoon. As your baby's dexterity improves, encourage your baby to dip the spoon in food and bring it to his or her mouth.
* Offer a cup. Feeding your baby breast milk or formula from a cup at mealtime can help pave the way for weaning from a bottle. By age 9 months, your baby may be able to drink from a cup on his or her own.
* Dish individual servings. Your baby may eat just a few teaspoons of food at a time. If you feed your baby directly from a jar or container, bacteria and saliva from the spoon can quickly spoil any leftovers. Instead, place small amounts of food in a separate dish. The same goes for finger foods. If your baby finishes the first serving, offer another.
* Avoid power struggles. If your baby turns away from a certain food, don't push. Simply try again another time. And again. And again, if necessary! Repeated exposure can help ensure variety in your baby's diet.
* Know when to call it quits. When your baby has had enough to eat, he or she may turn away from the spoon, lean backward, or refuse to open his or her mouth. Don't force extra bites. As long as your baby's growth is on target, you can be confident that he or she is getting enough to eat.
Enjoy your baby's sloppy tray, gooey hands and sticky face. You're building the foundation for a lifetime of healthy eating
Most babies are ready for solid foods between ages 4 months and 6 months. Here's when — and how — to make the transition from breast milk or formula to solid foods.
Does your baby seem interested in what you're eating? Does your baby open his or her mouth if you offer a spoon? It might be time to introduce solid foods. But don't retire those bottles or nursing pillows just yet. Make the transition to solid foods gradually.
Is your baby ready for solid foods?
Breast milk or formula is the only food your newborn needs. Within four to six months, however, your baby will begin to develop the coordination to move solid food from the front of the mouth to the back for swallowing. At the same time, your baby's head control will improve and he or she will learn to sit with support — essential skills for eating solid foods.
Most babies are ready to begin eating solid foods as a complement to breast-feeding or formula-feeding between ages 4 months and 6 months. Look for these cues:
* Can your baby hold his or her head in a steady, upright position?
* Can your baby sit with support?
* Is your baby interested in what you're eating?
If you answer no to any of these questions, you may want to postpone solids for a while.
What to serve when
Continue feeding your baby breast milk or formula as usual. When your baby's doctor or dietitian says it's OK to begin supplementing your baby's liquid diet:
* Start with baby cereal. Mix 1 teaspoon (5 milliliters) of a single-grain, iron-fortified baby cereal with 4 to 5 teaspoons (20 to 25 milliliters) of breast milk or formula. Many parents start with rice cereal. Even if the cereal barely thickens the liquid, resist the temptation to serve it from a bottle. Instead, help your baby sit upright and offer the cereal with a small spoon once or twice a day. Once your baby gets the hang of swallowing runny cereal, mix it with less liquid. For variety, you might offer single-grain oatmeal or barley cereals.
Some babies eat cereal with gusto right from the start. Others are less enthusiastic. Be patient. If your baby isn't interested, wait a week or two and try again.
* Add pureed meat, vegetables and fruits. Once your baby masters cereal, gradually introduce pureed meat, vegetables and fruits. Offer single-ingredient foods at first, and wait one week between each new food. If your baby has a reaction to a particular food — such as diarrhea, rash or vomiting — you'll know the culprit.
* Offer finely chopped finger foods. By ages 8 months to 10 months, most babies can handle small portions of finely chopped finger foods, such as soft fruits, well-cooked pasta, graham crackers and ground meat. As your baby approaches his or her first birthday, mashed or chopped versions of whatever the rest of the family is eating will become your baby's main fare. Continue to offer breast milk or formula with and between meals.
To help prevent food allergies, parents were once encouraged to avoid feeding young children eggs, fish and peanut butter. Today, however, researchers say there's no convincing evidence that avoiding these foods during early childhood will help prevent food allergies. Still, it's a good idea to check with your baby's doctor or dietitian if any close relatives have a food allergy. And remember that peanut butter poses a choking hazard for babies.
What about juice?
You can offer mild, 100 percent fruit juices when your baby is 9 months old. Juice isn't a necessary part of a baby's diet, however, and it's not as valuable as the original fruit itself. If you offer juice to your baby, limit it to about 4 ounces (118 milliliters) a day, and serve it in a cup. Too much juice may contribute to weight problems and diarrhea, as well as thwart your baby's appetite for more nutritious solid foods. Sipping juice throughout the day or while falling asleep may lead to tooth decay.
Know what's off-limits
Don't offer cow's milk, citrus or honey before age 1. Cow's milk doesn't meet an infant's nutritional needs. Cow's milk isn't a good source of iron and, for infants, cow's milk can lead to iron deficiency anemia. Citrus can cause a painful diaper rash, and honey may contain spores that can cause a serious illness known as botulism.
Don't offer your baby foods that pose a choking hazard, including:
* Small, slippery foods, such as whole grapes, hot dogs and hard candy
* Dry foods that are hard to chew, such as popcorn, raw carrots and nuts
* Sticky or tough foods, such as peanut butter and large pieces of meat
* Foods that may clump together, such as raisins
For babies younger than age 4 months, also avoid home-prepared spinach, beets, turnips and collard greens, which may contain high levels of potentially harmful compounds from soil (nitrates).
Make meals manageable
When your baby begins eating solid food, mealtime is sure to become an adventure. Here's help making it more enjoyable — for both you and your baby.
* Stay seated. At first, you may feed your baby in an infant seat or propped on your lap. As soon as your baby can sit easily without support, use a highchair with a broad, stable base. Buckle the safety straps, and keep other children from climbing or hanging on to the highchair.
* Encourage exploration. Your baby is likely to play with his or her food between bites. Although it's messy, hands-on fun helps fuel your baby's development. Place a dropcloth on the floor so you won't worry about falling food.
* Introduce utensils. Offer your baby a spoon to hold while you feed him or her with another spoon. As your baby's dexterity improves, encourage your baby to dip the spoon in food and bring it to his or her mouth.
* Offer a cup. Feeding your baby breast milk or formula from a cup at mealtime can help pave the way for weaning from a bottle. By age 9 months, your baby may be able to drink from a cup on his or her own.
* Dish individual servings. Your baby may eat just a few teaspoons of food at a time. If you feed your baby directly from a jar or container, bacteria and saliva from the spoon can quickly spoil any leftovers. Instead, place small amounts of food in a separate dish. The same goes for finger foods. If your baby finishes the first serving, offer another.
* Avoid power struggles. If your baby turns away from a certain food, don't push. Simply try again another time. And again. And again, if necessary! Repeated exposure can help ensure variety in your baby's diet.
* Know when to call it quits. When your baby has had enough to eat, he or she may turn away from the spoon, lean backward, or refuse to open his or her mouth. Don't force extra bites. As long as your baby's growth is on target, you can be confident that he or she is getting enough to eat.
Enjoy your baby's sloppy tray, gooey hands and sticky face. You're building the foundation for a lifetime of healthy eating
New parents: How to get the sleep you need
http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/PR/00068.html
Although life with a newborn is a round-the-clock adventure, hope is in sight. By three months, many babies sleep up to five hours during the night. By six months, nighttime stretches of nine to 12 hours are possible.
In the meantime, a little creativity can help you sneak in as many ZZZs as possible.
Suggestions for the weary
There's no magical formula for getting enough sleep — but these tried-and-true tips may give you a few ideas.
* Sleep when your baby sleeps. Turn off the ringer on the phone, hide the laundry basket and ignore the dishes in the kitchen sink. Your chores can wait.
* Set aside your social graces. When friends and loved ones visit, don't offer to be the host. Let them care for the baby while you excuse yourself for some much needed rest.
* Reclaim your bedroom. At first, it may be most practical to share a bedroom with your baby — especially if you're breast-feeding. But if your baby's breathing, squirming and general restlessness keep you awake, separate rooms may be the key to sound sleep.
* Turn down the baby monitor. Lying in bed listening to every breath may be just as disruptive as having your baby in the room. Adjust the volume based on how loudly your baby cries.
* Share nighttime duties. Work out a schedule with your partner that allows both of you to rest and care for the baby. If you're breast-feeding, perhaps your partner can bring you the baby and handle nighttime diaper changes. If you're using a bottle, take turns feeding the baby.
* Postpone the inevitable. Sometimes, middle-of-the-night fussing or crying is simply a sign that your baby is settling down. Unless you suspect that your baby is hungry or uncomfortable, it's OK to wait a few minutes to see what happens.
* Ask for help when you need it. Take advantage of baby-sitting offers from trusted friends or loved ones. You don't need to go out — simply head to your bedroom and close the door. Even an hour to yourself now and then can help you maintain your energy.
When sleep becomes a struggle
The rigors of caring for a newborn may leave you so exhausted that you could fall asleep anytime, anywhere. But that's not always the case.
If you have trouble falling asleep, make sure your environment is suited for sleep. Choose a comfortable mattress and pillow, turn off the TV, and keep the room cool and dark. Avoid nicotine and caffeine — both stimulants that may keep you awake. Finally, don't agonize over falling asleep. If you don't nod off within 30 minutes, get up and do something else. When you begin to feel drowsy, try to fall asleep again.
If you're still struggling to sleep after a week or two, consult your doctor. Identifying and treating any underlying conditions can help you get the rest you need.
Although life with a newborn is a round-the-clock adventure, hope is in sight. By three months, many babies sleep up to five hours during the night. By six months, nighttime stretches of nine to 12 hours are possible.
In the meantime, a little creativity can help you sneak in as many ZZZs as possible.
Suggestions for the weary
There's no magical formula for getting enough sleep — but these tried-and-true tips may give you a few ideas.
* Sleep when your baby sleeps. Turn off the ringer on the phone, hide the laundry basket and ignore the dishes in the kitchen sink. Your chores can wait.
* Set aside your social graces. When friends and loved ones visit, don't offer to be the host. Let them care for the baby while you excuse yourself for some much needed rest.
* Reclaim your bedroom. At first, it may be most practical to share a bedroom with your baby — especially if you're breast-feeding. But if your baby's breathing, squirming and general restlessness keep you awake, separate rooms may be the key to sound sleep.
* Turn down the baby monitor. Lying in bed listening to every breath may be just as disruptive as having your baby in the room. Adjust the volume based on how loudly your baby cries.
* Share nighttime duties. Work out a schedule with your partner that allows both of you to rest and care for the baby. If you're breast-feeding, perhaps your partner can bring you the baby and handle nighttime diaper changes. If you're using a bottle, take turns feeding the baby.
* Postpone the inevitable. Sometimes, middle-of-the-night fussing or crying is simply a sign that your baby is settling down. Unless you suspect that your baby is hungry or uncomfortable, it's OK to wait a few minutes to see what happens.
* Ask for help when you need it. Take advantage of baby-sitting offers from trusted friends or loved ones. You don't need to go out — simply head to your bedroom and close the door. Even an hour to yourself now and then can help you maintain your energy.
When sleep becomes a struggle
The rigors of caring for a newborn may leave you so exhausted that you could fall asleep anytime, anywhere. But that's not always the case.
If you have trouble falling asleep, make sure your environment is suited for sleep. Choose a comfortable mattress and pillow, turn off the TV, and keep the room cool and dark. Avoid nicotine and caffeine — both stimulants that may keep you awake. Finally, don't agonize over falling asleep. If you don't nod off within 30 minutes, get up and do something else. When you begin to feel drowsy, try to fall asleep again.
If you're still struggling to sleep after a week or two, consult your doctor. Identifying and treating any underlying conditions can help you get the rest you need.
Speech and language development milestones: Birth to 24 months
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infant-development/AN01026
A baby's first sounds are met with joyous celebration by parents. Initial cooing progresses to babbling and then to baby's first words, usually "mama" or "dada."
Although every child learns to speak at his or her own pace, general milestones serve as a guide to normal development — and help doctors and other health professionals determine when a child may need extra help to learn to speak or use language.
By the end of 3 months, your child may:
* Smile when you appear
* Begin to babble
* Begin to imitate sounds
* Move his or her eyes toward the direction of sound
By the end of 6 months, your child may:
* Babble with inflection
* Respond to his or her own name
* Respond to sound by making sounds
* Babble chains of consonants (usually sounds for m, b, d)
* Use his or her voice to express pleasure and displeasure
By the end of 12 months, your child may:
* Try to imitate words
* Say a few words, such as "dada," "mama," "baba" and "uh-oh"
* Understand simple instructions, such as "Please drink your milk"
* Understand "no"
By the end of 18 months, your child may:
* Point to an object or picture when it's named
* Recognize names of familiar people, objects and body parts
* Follow simple directions, such as "Throw me the ball"
* Say up to 20 words
By the end of 24 months, your child may:
* Ask for common foods by name
* Use simple phrases, such as "more milk"
* Begin to use pronouns, such as "mine"
* Begin to use prepositions, such as "in" and "under"
* Ask one- to two-word questions, such as "Go bye-bye?"
* Respond to two-step verbal requests, such as "Please put the book down and bring me your shoes"
* Say up to 50 to 100 words
When to check with your child's doctor
Talk to your child's doctor if your child hasn't mastered most of the speech and language milestones for his or her age or you're concerned about your child's speech.
Speech delays occur for many reasons, including hearing loss. Depending on the circumstances, your child's doctor may refer your child to a hearing specialist (audiologist) or a speech and language specialist.
In the meantime, encourage your child's speech and language development. Read to your child. Talk to your child. Sing songs together. Teach your child signs or gestures for common items or phrases. Ask your child questions, and acknowledge your child's responses — even if he or she is hard to understand.
A baby's first sounds are met with joyous celebration by parents. Initial cooing progresses to babbling and then to baby's first words, usually "mama" or "dada."
Although every child learns to speak at his or her own pace, general milestones serve as a guide to normal development — and help doctors and other health professionals determine when a child may need extra help to learn to speak or use language.
By the end of 3 months, your child may:
* Smile when you appear
* Begin to babble
* Begin to imitate sounds
* Move his or her eyes toward the direction of sound
By the end of 6 months, your child may:
* Babble with inflection
* Respond to his or her own name
* Respond to sound by making sounds
* Babble chains of consonants (usually sounds for m, b, d)
* Use his or her voice to express pleasure and displeasure
By the end of 12 months, your child may:
* Try to imitate words
* Say a few words, such as "dada," "mama," "baba" and "uh-oh"
* Understand simple instructions, such as "Please drink your milk"
* Understand "no"
By the end of 18 months, your child may:
* Point to an object or picture when it's named
* Recognize names of familiar people, objects and body parts
* Follow simple directions, such as "Throw me the ball"
* Say up to 20 words
By the end of 24 months, your child may:
* Ask for common foods by name
* Use simple phrases, such as "more milk"
* Begin to use pronouns, such as "mine"
* Begin to use prepositions, such as "in" and "under"
* Ask one- to two-word questions, such as "Go bye-bye?"
* Respond to two-step verbal requests, such as "Please put the book down and bring me your shoes"
* Say up to 50 to 100 words
When to check with your child's doctor
Talk to your child's doctor if your child hasn't mastered most of the speech and language milestones for his or her age or you're concerned about your child's speech.
Speech delays occur for many reasons, including hearing loss. Depending on the circumstances, your child's doctor may refer your child to a hearing specialist (audiologist) or a speech and language specialist.
In the meantime, encourage your child's speech and language development. Read to your child. Talk to your child. Sing songs together. Teach your child signs or gestures for common items or phrases. Ask your child questions, and acknowledge your child's responses — even if he or she is hard to understand.
Air travel with infant: Is it safe?
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/air-travel-with-infant/HQ00197
Air travel with an infant typically is safe. However, there are medical and safety issues to consider. A doctor may advise against unnecessary air travel during the first two weeks of life, when a newborn's body is still adjusting to life outside the uterus — and is especially vulnerable to the germs that circulate in the aircraft's recycled air.
Parents may worry that air travel will hurt their child's ears. But the effects of flying on an infant's ears are the same as for an adult's ears. Changing cabin pressure causes temporary changes in middle ear pressure, which can result in pain. Sucking helps equalize the pressure in the ears. For this reason, feeding the infant during takeoff and landing may help. If your baby isn't hungry, try offering a pacifier.
An infant with a recent ear infection may be very uncomfortable when flying. Check with your child's doctor before leaving if you have concerns. Your doctor may provide you with pain-relieving eardrops, in case your baby experiences ear pain.
Some parents worry that air travel increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This concern may stem from an old (1998) British Medical Journal report in which researchers tested the effect of lowered oxygen — such as in a pressurized airplane cabin — on infants and found that irregular breathing was more common. However, there's no evidence that air travel causes SIDS.
If you travel on an airplane with an infant, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that you place the child in a rear-facing child safety seat that's properly installed and secured in the seat next to yours. Most child safety seats are certified for air travel. Check the label if you're not sure. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, child safety seats shouldn't exceed 16 inches wide for the best fit in aircraft seats — especially in smaller commuter aircraft. If you can, choose a bulkhead seat and avoid being seated in emergency exit rows.
To make air travel easier with your infant, pack a teething ring, pacifier, special blanket or stuffed animal, and age-appropriate toys (such as rattles or plastic rings) and books in your carry-on bag. If your baby is fussy during the flight, taking a brief walk up and down the aisle may help.
Air travel with an infant typically is safe. However, there are medical and safety issues to consider. A doctor may advise against unnecessary air travel during the first two weeks of life, when a newborn's body is still adjusting to life outside the uterus — and is especially vulnerable to the germs that circulate in the aircraft's recycled air.
Parents may worry that air travel will hurt their child's ears. But the effects of flying on an infant's ears are the same as for an adult's ears. Changing cabin pressure causes temporary changes in middle ear pressure, which can result in pain. Sucking helps equalize the pressure in the ears. For this reason, feeding the infant during takeoff and landing may help. If your baby isn't hungry, try offering a pacifier.
An infant with a recent ear infection may be very uncomfortable when flying. Check with your child's doctor before leaving if you have concerns. Your doctor may provide you with pain-relieving eardrops, in case your baby experiences ear pain.
Some parents worry that air travel increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This concern may stem from an old (1998) British Medical Journal report in which researchers tested the effect of lowered oxygen — such as in a pressurized airplane cabin — on infants and found that irregular breathing was more common. However, there's no evidence that air travel causes SIDS.
If you travel on an airplane with an infant, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that you place the child in a rear-facing child safety seat that's properly installed and secured in the seat next to yours. Most child safety seats are certified for air travel. Check the label if you're not sure. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, child safety seats shouldn't exceed 16 inches wide for the best fit in aircraft seats — especially in smaller commuter aircraft. If you can, choose a bulkhead seat and avoid being seated in emergency exit rows.
To make air travel easier with your infant, pack a teething ring, pacifier, special blanket or stuffed animal, and age-appropriate toys (such as rattles or plastic rings) and books in your carry-on bag. If your baby is fussy during the flight, taking a brief walk up and down the aisle may help.
Baby's sleep: Getting through the night
http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/FL/00118.html
If you haven't had a good night's sleep since your baby was born, you're not alone. Sleepless nights are a rite of passage for most new parents.
But don't despair. You can help your baby sleep all night, every night — starting today!
Developing a rhythm
Newborns typically sleep 16 or more hours a day — but often in stretches of just one to two hours at a time. The pattern may be erratic at first, but that's OK. A more consistent sleep schedule emerges as your baby's nervous system matures and he or she can go longer between feedings.
By three months, many babies sleep for as long as five hours during the night. By six months, nighttime stretches of nine to 12 hours are possible.
Encouraging good sleep habits
For the first few months, middle-of-the-night feedings are sure to disrupt sleep for parents and babies alike. But it's never too soon to help your baby become a good sleeper.
* Encourage activity during the day. When your baby is awake, engage him or her by talking, singing and playing. Surround your baby with light and normal household noises. Such stimulation during the day can help promote better sleep at night.
* Monitor your baby's naps. Regular naps are important — but sleeping for large chunks of time during the day may leave your baby wide awake at bedtime.
* Follow a consistent bedtime routine. Try relaxing favorites such as bathing, cuddling, singing or reading. Soon your baby will associate these activities with sleep.
* Put your baby to bed drowsy but awake. This will help your baby associate bed with the process of falling asleep. Remember to place your baby to sleep on his or her back, and clear the crib or bassinet of blankets and other soft items.
* Give your baby time to settle down. Your baby may fuss or cry before finding a comfortable position and falling asleep. If the crying doesn't stop, speak to your baby calmly and stroke his or her back. Your reassuring presence may be all your baby needs to fall asleep.
* Consider a pacifier. If your baby has trouble settling down, a pacifier might do the trick. In fact, a pacifier at naptime and bedtime may help reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). But there are pitfalls, too. If your baby uses a pacifier to sleep, you may face frequent middle-of-the-night crying spells when the pacifier falls out of your baby's mouth.
* Expect frequent stirring at night. Babies often wriggle, squirm and twitch in their sleep. They can be noisy, too. Sometimes, fussing or crying is simply a sign of settling down. Unless you suspect that your baby is hungry or uncomfortable, it's OK to wait a few minutes to see what happens.
* Keep nighttime care low-key. When your baby needs care or feeding during the night, use dim lights, a soft voice and calm movements. This will tell your baby that it's time to sleep — not play.
* Respect your baby's preferences. Whether your baby is a night owl or an early bird, adjust routines and schedules based on these natural patterns.
Keeping it in perspective
Some babies sleep for long stretches at night right from the start, only waking for feedings. Others have trouble lulling themselves back to sleep. Take as much time as you need to understand your baby's schedule and ways of communicating.
If you're frustrated with your baby's sleeping habits — especially if your baby still needs attention several times during the night by age 6 months — ask your baby's doctor for suggestions.
Remember, getting your baby to sleep through the night isn't a measure of your parental skills. It's simply a goal you're working toward. The result will be a good night's sleep for everyone.
If you haven't had a good night's sleep since your baby was born, you're not alone. Sleepless nights are a rite of passage for most new parents.
But don't despair. You can help your baby sleep all night, every night — starting today!
Developing a rhythm
Newborns typically sleep 16 or more hours a day — but often in stretches of just one to two hours at a time. The pattern may be erratic at first, but that's OK. A more consistent sleep schedule emerges as your baby's nervous system matures and he or she can go longer between feedings.
By three months, many babies sleep for as long as five hours during the night. By six months, nighttime stretches of nine to 12 hours are possible.
Encouraging good sleep habits
For the first few months, middle-of-the-night feedings are sure to disrupt sleep for parents and babies alike. But it's never too soon to help your baby become a good sleeper.
* Encourage activity during the day. When your baby is awake, engage him or her by talking, singing and playing. Surround your baby with light and normal household noises. Such stimulation during the day can help promote better sleep at night.
* Monitor your baby's naps. Regular naps are important — but sleeping for large chunks of time during the day may leave your baby wide awake at bedtime.
* Follow a consistent bedtime routine. Try relaxing favorites such as bathing, cuddling, singing or reading. Soon your baby will associate these activities with sleep.
* Put your baby to bed drowsy but awake. This will help your baby associate bed with the process of falling asleep. Remember to place your baby to sleep on his or her back, and clear the crib or bassinet of blankets and other soft items.
* Give your baby time to settle down. Your baby may fuss or cry before finding a comfortable position and falling asleep. If the crying doesn't stop, speak to your baby calmly and stroke his or her back. Your reassuring presence may be all your baby needs to fall asleep.
* Consider a pacifier. If your baby has trouble settling down, a pacifier might do the trick. In fact, a pacifier at naptime and bedtime may help reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). But there are pitfalls, too. If your baby uses a pacifier to sleep, you may face frequent middle-of-the-night crying spells when the pacifier falls out of your baby's mouth.
* Expect frequent stirring at night. Babies often wriggle, squirm and twitch in their sleep. They can be noisy, too. Sometimes, fussing or crying is simply a sign of settling down. Unless you suspect that your baby is hungry or uncomfortable, it's OK to wait a few minutes to see what happens.
* Keep nighttime care low-key. When your baby needs care or feeding during the night, use dim lights, a soft voice and calm movements. This will tell your baby that it's time to sleep — not play.
* Respect your baby's preferences. Whether your baby is a night owl or an early bird, adjust routines and schedules based on these natural patterns.
Keeping it in perspective
Some babies sleep for long stretches at night right from the start, only waking for feedings. Others have trouble lulling themselves back to sleep. Take as much time as you need to understand your baby's schedule and ways of communicating.
If you're frustrated with your baby's sleeping habits — especially if your baby still needs attention several times during the night by age 6 months — ask your baby's doctor for suggestions.
Remember, getting your baby to sleep through the night isn't a measure of your parental skills. It's simply a goal you're working toward. The result will be a good night's sleep for everyone.
Baby safety: How to baby-proof your home
http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/PR/00042.html
s your baby becomes more mobile, exploration becomes the name of the game. Rocking, rolling and sitting soon give way to crawling, climbing and cruising along the furniture. But your baby's budding curiosity and inexperience can be a dangerous mix. As you marvel at each milestone, make baby safety a priority.
Get on your hands and knees
From the floor, your baby's view may be different from yours. Crawl from room to room, picking up small or fragile objects that may fit in your baby's mouth and pose a choking hazard — including nuts, grapes, buttons, pen caps and other stray items that may have fallen on the floor.
Cords and strings
Babies tend to pull and grab at any cord or string they can reach. Keep electrical, telephone and window-blind cords tied up and inaccessible — especially near your baby's crib.
Sometimes clothing poses a similar hazard. Make sure your baby's clothes fit properly. An agile baby may wriggle out of a too-big shirt and twist it around his or her neck with surprising speed. Also check your child's clothes for loose strings, ribbons or strips of fabric. Avoid necklaces, headbands and drawstring hoods.
Crib notes
Make sure your child's crib is safe.
* Keep soft, fluffy or loose bedding and stuffed toys out of your baby's crib. Remove bumper pads as soon as your child can pull up to a standing position — or skip the pads entirely.
* Make sure the crib railings are no more than 2 3/8 inches apart, and the crib sides are flush with the headboard and footboard.
* Avoid antique or vintage cribs. Old baby furniture may be coated with lead paint or decorated with cutouts where a baby's arm or leg might get stuck.
* Choose a mattress that fits snugly in the crib. Remove the plastic wrap used as mattress packaging. If you want to use a mattress cover, select one that has a zipper.
* Don't place the crib next to a window or hang a diaper bag or any other items from the crib railings.
* Remove hanging mobiles or toys from the crib before your baby can reach them.
Follow the same guidelines for any cribs your baby may use away from home.
Toy tactics
Offer your baby safe, age-appropriate toys and household objects. Don't let your baby play with balloons, marbles, coins or other small items. Throw out any soft, squeezable toys that may fit into your baby's mouth when compressed. Avoid toys with cords or long strings. Remove plastic wrapping and stickers from new toys, and make sure any decorations or small parts — such as eyes, wheels or buttons — are tightly fastened to the toy.
Furniture basics
Remove wobbly tables or other pieces of furniture likely to tip over if your baby uses them to stand up. Fasten bookcases or any other potentially unstable furniture to the wall.
Locks, latches and other devices
Safety devices are important, too. Consider these "best buys" from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission:
* Safety locks and latches for kitchen and bathroom cabinets and drawers can help prevent poisonings and other injuries.
* Safety gates for stairs can help prevent falls. Look for the safety certification seal from the Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association (JPMA).
* Door knob covers and door locks can keep kids out of dangerous areas such as swimming pools and spas.
* Scalding controls for faucets can prevent burns from hot water.
* Window guards and safety netting can help prevent falls from windows, balconies, decks and landings.
* Corner and edge bumpers can pad sharp edges on furniture and fireplaces.
* Outlet covers and plates can help prevent electrocution.
* Safety tassels and inner cord stops for window blinds and draperies can help prevent strangulation.
* Door stops and door holders can help prevent pinched fingers.
Of course, some safety devices are important for the entire family. Keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen. Make sure there's a working smoke detector outside every bedroom and on each floor of your home. Install a carbon monoxide detector as well — especially if your home is heated with natural gas or oil or you have an attached garage.
Prevent poisoning
To prevent accidental poisonings, keep anything hazardous out of reach. This includes various house plants and products such as:
* Alcohol
* Medications
* Vitamins
* Iron supplements
* Bleach
* Ammonia
* Dishwasher soap
* Furniture polish
* Drain openers
* Toilet bowl cleaners
* Rust removers
* Oven cleaners
* Windshield washer fluid
* Paint thinner
Keep potentially dangerous products in the original containers, including product labels containing safety information. Post the number for your local poison control center in a prominent spot.
Keeping your child safe and sound
You can do plenty to baby-proof your home in a single afternoon or evening, but the job doesn't stop there. As your child gets older, be on the lookout for new hazards. Go through your home from top to bottom every few months to make sure you're doing everything you can to keep your child safe. And remember the most important safeguard — adult supervision.
s your baby becomes more mobile, exploration becomes the name of the game. Rocking, rolling and sitting soon give way to crawling, climbing and cruising along the furniture. But your baby's budding curiosity and inexperience can be a dangerous mix. As you marvel at each milestone, make baby safety a priority.
Get on your hands and knees
From the floor, your baby's view may be different from yours. Crawl from room to room, picking up small or fragile objects that may fit in your baby's mouth and pose a choking hazard — including nuts, grapes, buttons, pen caps and other stray items that may have fallen on the floor.
Cords and strings
Babies tend to pull and grab at any cord or string they can reach. Keep electrical, telephone and window-blind cords tied up and inaccessible — especially near your baby's crib.
Sometimes clothing poses a similar hazard. Make sure your baby's clothes fit properly. An agile baby may wriggle out of a too-big shirt and twist it around his or her neck with surprising speed. Also check your child's clothes for loose strings, ribbons or strips of fabric. Avoid necklaces, headbands and drawstring hoods.
Crib notes
Make sure your child's crib is safe.
* Keep soft, fluffy or loose bedding and stuffed toys out of your baby's crib. Remove bumper pads as soon as your child can pull up to a standing position — or skip the pads entirely.
* Make sure the crib railings are no more than 2 3/8 inches apart, and the crib sides are flush with the headboard and footboard.
* Avoid antique or vintage cribs. Old baby furniture may be coated with lead paint or decorated with cutouts where a baby's arm or leg might get stuck.
* Choose a mattress that fits snugly in the crib. Remove the plastic wrap used as mattress packaging. If you want to use a mattress cover, select one that has a zipper.
* Don't place the crib next to a window or hang a diaper bag or any other items from the crib railings.
* Remove hanging mobiles or toys from the crib before your baby can reach them.
Follow the same guidelines for any cribs your baby may use away from home.
Toy tactics
Offer your baby safe, age-appropriate toys and household objects. Don't let your baby play with balloons, marbles, coins or other small items. Throw out any soft, squeezable toys that may fit into your baby's mouth when compressed. Avoid toys with cords or long strings. Remove plastic wrapping and stickers from new toys, and make sure any decorations or small parts — such as eyes, wheels or buttons — are tightly fastened to the toy.
Furniture basics
Remove wobbly tables or other pieces of furniture likely to tip over if your baby uses them to stand up. Fasten bookcases or any other potentially unstable furniture to the wall.
Locks, latches and other devices
Safety devices are important, too. Consider these "best buys" from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission:
* Safety locks and latches for kitchen and bathroom cabinets and drawers can help prevent poisonings and other injuries.
* Safety gates for stairs can help prevent falls. Look for the safety certification seal from the Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association (JPMA).
* Door knob covers and door locks can keep kids out of dangerous areas such as swimming pools and spas.
* Scalding controls for faucets can prevent burns from hot water.
* Window guards and safety netting can help prevent falls from windows, balconies, decks and landings.
* Corner and edge bumpers can pad sharp edges on furniture and fireplaces.
* Outlet covers and plates can help prevent electrocution.
* Safety tassels and inner cord stops for window blinds and draperies can help prevent strangulation.
* Door stops and door holders can help prevent pinched fingers.
Of course, some safety devices are important for the entire family. Keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen. Make sure there's a working smoke detector outside every bedroom and on each floor of your home. Install a carbon monoxide detector as well — especially if your home is heated with natural gas or oil or you have an attached garage.
Prevent poisoning
To prevent accidental poisonings, keep anything hazardous out of reach. This includes various house plants and products such as:
* Alcohol
* Medications
* Vitamins
* Iron supplements
* Bleach
* Ammonia
* Dishwasher soap
* Furniture polish
* Drain openers
* Toilet bowl cleaners
* Rust removers
* Oven cleaners
* Windshield washer fluid
* Paint thinner
Keep potentially dangerous products in the original containers, including product labels containing safety information. Post the number for your local poison control center in a prominent spot.
Keeping your child safe and sound
You can do plenty to baby-proof your home in a single afternoon or evening, but the job doesn't stop there. As your child gets older, be on the lookout for new hazards. Go through your home from top to bottom every few months to make sure you're doing everything you can to keep your child safe. And remember the most important safeguard — adult supervision.
Parenting tips from a Mayo Clinic specialist
http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/CC/00058.html
My patients, their parents and my own children have taught me thousands of lessons since I became a pediatrician, almost 30 years ago. I've learned, among other things, that what's best for children is less complicated than the latest parenting theories might suggest. Parents instinctively know that, but they don't always trust themselves.
Over the years, I've translated these lessons into a set of principles — touchstones, if you will — to help parents address their children's most fundamental needs. I've found it worthwhile to return to these basics whenever I risk losing touch with the core values of parenthood, values that also influence pediatric practice. Perhaps you can use them, too.
1. The one thing your child wants and needs most is your time. Brief periods of intense engagement can't replace shared daily routines, nor can material advantages compensate for lost time. You can replace money, but you can never retrieve time.
2. Do your best as a parent, but accept your imperfections. Your child will forgive your mistakes, because every child knows that perfect is the enemy of good.
3. To your child, your actions say more than your words. Speeches and admonitions are barely audible, but your behavior sends a loud, clear message. Before you admonish, ask yourself three questions: Is it necessary? Is it true? Is it kind? If you want your child to be honest and kind, you should be honest and kind yourself.
4. Listen to your child before you speak. It doesn't matter what you're discussing; the more you listen to what your child tells you, the more effective your conversation will be.
5. Self-esteem is the cornerstone of emotional health. Your child will develop a clear and resilient sense of self only by making his or her own choices, one small decision at a time. When you correct negative behavior, offer two suggestions for preferred behavior and let your child choose between them.
6. The most effective punishment is the temporary and explained loss of your approval.
7. When your child asks a question, give a simple, truthful answer, regardless of the topic. Questions about death, reproduction and similar weighty matters may seem to require exhaustive discussion, but they don't. Providing too much information is like pouring a gallon of tea into a teacup: It wastes the resource and overwhelms the recipient.
8. Make it a daily priority to show respect for our environment's limited resources, and teach your child to do likewise. It will sustain his or her health, happiness and longevity.
9. Your child will form many relationships in life — with friends, teachers, parents and perhaps a few stepparents. Out of all these relationships, yours is unique and will persist. Focus your role accordingly.
10. Your child is not responsible for rewarding your parenting; that gratification comes from within. If it's sometimes elusive, remember that you are engaged in life's most challenging and important endeavor. Parenting is a labor of great joys, deep sorrows and, most of all, lasting satisfaction.
My patients, their parents and my own children have taught me thousands of lessons since I became a pediatrician, almost 30 years ago. I've learned, among other things, that what's best for children is less complicated than the latest parenting theories might suggest. Parents instinctively know that, but they don't always trust themselves.
Over the years, I've translated these lessons into a set of principles — touchstones, if you will — to help parents address their children's most fundamental needs. I've found it worthwhile to return to these basics whenever I risk losing touch with the core values of parenthood, values that also influence pediatric practice. Perhaps you can use them, too.
1. The one thing your child wants and needs most is your time. Brief periods of intense engagement can't replace shared daily routines, nor can material advantages compensate for lost time. You can replace money, but you can never retrieve time.
2. Do your best as a parent, but accept your imperfections. Your child will forgive your mistakes, because every child knows that perfect is the enemy of good.
3. To your child, your actions say more than your words. Speeches and admonitions are barely audible, but your behavior sends a loud, clear message. Before you admonish, ask yourself three questions: Is it necessary? Is it true? Is it kind? If you want your child to be honest and kind, you should be honest and kind yourself.
4. Listen to your child before you speak. It doesn't matter what you're discussing; the more you listen to what your child tells you, the more effective your conversation will be.
5. Self-esteem is the cornerstone of emotional health. Your child will develop a clear and resilient sense of self only by making his or her own choices, one small decision at a time. When you correct negative behavior, offer two suggestions for preferred behavior and let your child choose between them.
6. The most effective punishment is the temporary and explained loss of your approval.
7. When your child asks a question, give a simple, truthful answer, regardless of the topic. Questions about death, reproduction and similar weighty matters may seem to require exhaustive discussion, but they don't. Providing too much information is like pouring a gallon of tea into a teacup: It wastes the resource and overwhelms the recipient.
8. Make it a daily priority to show respect for our environment's limited resources, and teach your child to do likewise. It will sustain his or her health, happiness and longevity.
9. Your child will form many relationships in life — with friends, teachers, parents and perhaps a few stepparents. Out of all these relationships, yours is unique and will persist. Focus your role accordingly.
10. Your child is not responsible for rewarding your parenting; that gratification comes from within. If it's sometimes elusive, remember that you are engaged in life's most challenging and important endeavor. Parenting is a labor of great joys, deep sorrows and, most of all, lasting satisfaction.
Newborn care: Common-sense strategies for stressed-out parents
http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/FL/00107.html
A newborn will bring a whirlwind of activity and excitement to your home — and plenty of stress and fatigue as well. Whether you're a first-time parent or a seasoned veteran, caring for a newborn can be overwhelming. Use simple strategies to keep your stress under control.
Adjusting to life with a newborn
Round-the-clock baby care can turn your life upside down. Appreciate the joy your newborn brings to your life — and cope with the rest one day at a time. Consider these practical tips:
* Take care of yourself. Resist the urge to count caffeine as a major food group. Instead, eat healthy foods, drink plenty of water and get some fresh air. Do something you enjoy every day, either with your baby or on your own. Good habits will help you maintain the energy you need to take care of your newborn.
* Get plenty of rest. Sleep is at a premium right now. Grab it when you can! Sleep when your baby sleeps. Work out a nighttime schedule with your partner that allows both of you to rest and care for the baby.
* Establish visiting hours. Friends and loved ones may come out of the woodwork to admire your newborn. Let them know what time works best — and ask anyone who's ill to stay home. When you have visitors, don't be afraid to set aside your social graces. Let them care for the baby while you get some much needed rest.
* Go with the flow. It's never too early to establish a routine, but let your baby set the pace. Allow plenty of time each day for nursing sessions, naps and crying spells. Keep scheduled activities to a minimum. When you need to head out, give yourself extra time to pack your supplies and change the inevitable out-the-door dirty diaper.
* Expect a roller coaster of emotions. You may go from adoring your newborn and marveling at tiny fingers and toes to grieving your loss of independence and worrying about your ability to care for a newborn — all in the space of a single diaper change.
* Share your feelings. Chances are, you and your partner are both tired and anxious. Talking about what's bothering you — such as a strained budget or difficulty soothing the baby — can help you stay connected. A shared laugh may help lighten the mood.
* Accept a helping hand. When friends and loved ones offer to help, take them up on it. Suggest holding the baby, folding the laundry, running a few errands — whatever would help you the most.
* Relax your standards. Hide the broom and leave dust bunnies where they lie. Store clean clothes in the laundry basket until you need them — or in piles on the floor, for that matter. Clean the bathroom with a fresh diaper wipe. And yes, cold cereal is acceptable dinner fare.
* Get out of the house. If you're going stir-crazy with a fussy newborn, take the baby out for a walk. If you can, let someone else take over for a while.
* Nurture other relationships. Your newborn needs your love and attention, but you won't let your baby down by spending time with others. Set aside one-on-one time with your other children. Schedule dates with your partner. Meet a friend for lunch or a movie.
* Keep your perspective. The newborn days won't last long. Step back and appreciate the moment — even amid the chaos.
Know when to seek additional help
Parenting is a challenge — even on a good day. If you're depressed or you're having trouble adjusting to life with a newborn, consult your health care provider or a mental health professional. Learning to handle the new stress in your life can help you enjoy the priceless riches parenting has to offer.
A newborn will bring a whirlwind of activity and excitement to your home — and plenty of stress and fatigue as well. Whether you're a first-time parent or a seasoned veteran, caring for a newborn can be overwhelming. Use simple strategies to keep your stress under control.
Adjusting to life with a newborn
Round-the-clock baby care can turn your life upside down. Appreciate the joy your newborn brings to your life — and cope with the rest one day at a time. Consider these practical tips:
* Take care of yourself. Resist the urge to count caffeine as a major food group. Instead, eat healthy foods, drink plenty of water and get some fresh air. Do something you enjoy every day, either with your baby or on your own. Good habits will help you maintain the energy you need to take care of your newborn.
* Get plenty of rest. Sleep is at a premium right now. Grab it when you can! Sleep when your baby sleeps. Work out a nighttime schedule with your partner that allows both of you to rest and care for the baby.
* Establish visiting hours. Friends and loved ones may come out of the woodwork to admire your newborn. Let them know what time works best — and ask anyone who's ill to stay home. When you have visitors, don't be afraid to set aside your social graces. Let them care for the baby while you get some much needed rest.
* Go with the flow. It's never too early to establish a routine, but let your baby set the pace. Allow plenty of time each day for nursing sessions, naps and crying spells. Keep scheduled activities to a minimum. When you need to head out, give yourself extra time to pack your supplies and change the inevitable out-the-door dirty diaper.
* Expect a roller coaster of emotions. You may go from adoring your newborn and marveling at tiny fingers and toes to grieving your loss of independence and worrying about your ability to care for a newborn — all in the space of a single diaper change.
* Share your feelings. Chances are, you and your partner are both tired and anxious. Talking about what's bothering you — such as a strained budget or difficulty soothing the baby — can help you stay connected. A shared laugh may help lighten the mood.
* Accept a helping hand. When friends and loved ones offer to help, take them up on it. Suggest holding the baby, folding the laundry, running a few errands — whatever would help you the most.
* Relax your standards. Hide the broom and leave dust bunnies where they lie. Store clean clothes in the laundry basket until you need them — or in piles on the floor, for that matter. Clean the bathroom with a fresh diaper wipe. And yes, cold cereal is acceptable dinner fare.
* Get out of the house. If you're going stir-crazy with a fussy newborn, take the baby out for a walk. If you can, let someone else take over for a while.
* Nurture other relationships. Your newborn needs your love and attention, but you won't let your baby down by spending time with others. Set aside one-on-one time with your other children. Schedule dates with your partner. Meet a friend for lunch or a movie.
* Keep your perspective. The newborn days won't last long. Step back and appreciate the moment — even amid the chaos.
Know when to seek additional help
Parenting is a challenge — even on a good day. If you're depressed or you're having trouble adjusting to life with a newborn, consult your health care provider or a mental health professional. Learning to handle the new stress in your life can help you enjoy the priceless riches parenting has to offer.
What to do when your newborn cries
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/healthy-baby/PR00037
Most newborns cry a lot. Just ask any new parent! Find out why babies cry — and how to cope with the tears.
The dream: Your baby sleeps through the night after just a few weeks, gurgles happily while you run errands and only fusses when hunger strikes.
The reality: Your baby's favorite playtime is after the 2 a.m. feeding. Crankiness peaks when you're out and about. You had no idea a baby could cry this much.
Sound familiar?
In any given day, the average newborn cries for more than two hours. Find out why babies cry — and how to cope with the tears.
Decoding the tears
Newborn crying jags are inevitable. Your job is to figure out why your baby is crying and what — if anything — you can do about it. Consider what your baby may be thinking:
* I'm hungry. Most newborns eat every few hours around the clock. Some babies become frantic when hunger strikes. They may get so worked up by the time the feeding begins that they gulp air with the milk, which may cause spitting up, trapped gas or more crying. To avoid such frenzy, respond to early signs of hunger. If your baby begins to gulp during the feeding, take a break.
* I need to burp. During and after each feeding, take time to burp your baby. But don't stop there. Your baby may need to burp between feedings as well.
* I pooped. For some babies, a wet or soiled diaper is a surefire way to trigger tears. Gas or indigestion may have the same effect. Check your baby's diaper often to make sure it's clean and dry.
* I'm tired. Tired babies are often fussy. Make sure your baby is getting enough sleep. For newborns, this often means up to 16 hours — or even more — every day.
* I'd rather be bundled. Some babies feel most secure in a swaddle wrap. Snugly wrap your baby in a receiving blanket or other small, lightweight blanket.
* I want to move. Sometimes a rocking session or walk through the house is enough to soothe a crying baby. In other cases, a change of position is all that's needed. Keeping safety precautions in mind, try a baby swing or vibrating infant seat. Weather permitting, head outdoors with the stroller. You may even want to buckle up for a ride in the car.
* I'm lonely. Sometimes simply seeing you, hearing your voice or being cuddled may stop the tears. Gentle massage or light pats on the back may work, too.
* I'm hot. A baby who's too hot or cold is likely to be uncomfortable. Add or remove a layer of your baby's clothing as needed.
* I want to suck on something. Sucking is a natural reflex. For many babies, it's a comforting, soothing activity. If your baby isn't hungry, try a clean finger or pacifier.
* I've had enough. Too much noise, movement or visual stimulation may drive your baby to tears. Move to a calmer environment or place your baby in the crib. White noise — such as a recording of ocean waves or the monotonous sound of an electric fan or vacuum cleaner — may help your baby relax.
* It's just that time of day. Many babies have predictable periods of fussiness during the day. There may be little you can do but comfort your baby as the crying runs its course.
* My tummy hurts. If you're breast-feeding your baby, he or she may be fussier than usual after you eat spicy or gas-producing foods. Too much caffeine may be an issue as well. If you suspect a certain food is causing trouble, avoid it for several days to see if it makes a difference.
Is it just fussiness, or is it colic?
Some babies have frustrating periods of intense, inconsolable crying known as colic. Colic is often defined as crying more than three hours a day, three days a week for more than three weeks in an otherwise well-fed, healthy baby. Colic episodes are most common in the late afternoon or evening. The crying often begins suddenly and for no apparent reason. During an episode, your baby may be difficult — or even impossible — to comfort.
What causes colic remains a mystery. If you're concerned about colic, consult your baby's doctor. He or she can make sure your baby is otherwise healthy and help you learn how to care for a colicky baby.
Taking care of yourself
It's tough to listen to your baby cry. To take the best care of your baby, it's important to take care of yourself, too.
* Take a break. When you've done what you can, ask your spouse or another loved one to take over for a while. Take advantage of baby-sitting offers from friends or neighbors. Even an hour on your own can help renew your coping strength.
* Make healthy lifestyle choices. Eat healthy foods. Make time for exercise, such as a brisk daily walk. If you can, sleep when the baby sleeps — even during the day. Avoid alcohol and other drugs.
* Remember that it's temporary. Crying spells often peak at about six weeks and then gradually decrease.
* Know when to call the doctor. If you're concerned about the crying or your baby isn't eating, sleeping or behaving like usual, call your baby's doctor. He or she can help you tell the difference between normal tears and something more serious.
It's also important to recognize your limits. If your baby's crying is causing you to lose control, put the baby in a safe place — such as a crib — and go to another room to collect yourself. If necessary, contact your doctor, a local crisis intervention service or a mental health help line for additional support.
Most newborns cry a lot. Just ask any new parent! Find out why babies cry — and how to cope with the tears.
The dream: Your baby sleeps through the night after just a few weeks, gurgles happily while you run errands and only fusses when hunger strikes.
The reality: Your baby's favorite playtime is after the 2 a.m. feeding. Crankiness peaks when you're out and about. You had no idea a baby could cry this much.
Sound familiar?
In any given day, the average newborn cries for more than two hours. Find out why babies cry — and how to cope with the tears.
Decoding the tears
Newborn crying jags are inevitable. Your job is to figure out why your baby is crying and what — if anything — you can do about it. Consider what your baby may be thinking:
* I'm hungry. Most newborns eat every few hours around the clock. Some babies become frantic when hunger strikes. They may get so worked up by the time the feeding begins that they gulp air with the milk, which may cause spitting up, trapped gas or more crying. To avoid such frenzy, respond to early signs of hunger. If your baby begins to gulp during the feeding, take a break.
* I need to burp. During and after each feeding, take time to burp your baby. But don't stop there. Your baby may need to burp between feedings as well.
* I pooped. For some babies, a wet or soiled diaper is a surefire way to trigger tears. Gas or indigestion may have the same effect. Check your baby's diaper often to make sure it's clean and dry.
* I'm tired. Tired babies are often fussy. Make sure your baby is getting enough sleep. For newborns, this often means up to 16 hours — or even more — every day.
* I'd rather be bundled. Some babies feel most secure in a swaddle wrap. Snugly wrap your baby in a receiving blanket or other small, lightweight blanket.
* I want to move. Sometimes a rocking session or walk through the house is enough to soothe a crying baby. In other cases, a change of position is all that's needed. Keeping safety precautions in mind, try a baby swing or vibrating infant seat. Weather permitting, head outdoors with the stroller. You may even want to buckle up for a ride in the car.
* I'm lonely. Sometimes simply seeing you, hearing your voice or being cuddled may stop the tears. Gentle massage or light pats on the back may work, too.
* I'm hot. A baby who's too hot or cold is likely to be uncomfortable. Add or remove a layer of your baby's clothing as needed.
* I want to suck on something. Sucking is a natural reflex. For many babies, it's a comforting, soothing activity. If your baby isn't hungry, try a clean finger or pacifier.
* I've had enough. Too much noise, movement or visual stimulation may drive your baby to tears. Move to a calmer environment or place your baby in the crib. White noise — such as a recording of ocean waves or the monotonous sound of an electric fan or vacuum cleaner — may help your baby relax.
* It's just that time of day. Many babies have predictable periods of fussiness during the day. There may be little you can do but comfort your baby as the crying runs its course.
* My tummy hurts. If you're breast-feeding your baby, he or she may be fussier than usual after you eat spicy or gas-producing foods. Too much caffeine may be an issue as well. If you suspect a certain food is causing trouble, avoid it for several days to see if it makes a difference.
Is it just fussiness, or is it colic?
Some babies have frustrating periods of intense, inconsolable crying known as colic. Colic is often defined as crying more than three hours a day, three days a week for more than three weeks in an otherwise well-fed, healthy baby. Colic episodes are most common in the late afternoon or evening. The crying often begins suddenly and for no apparent reason. During an episode, your baby may be difficult — or even impossible — to comfort.
What causes colic remains a mystery. If you're concerned about colic, consult your baby's doctor. He or she can make sure your baby is otherwise healthy and help you learn how to care for a colicky baby.
Taking care of yourself
It's tough to listen to your baby cry. To take the best care of your baby, it's important to take care of yourself, too.
* Take a break. When you've done what you can, ask your spouse or another loved one to take over for a while. Take advantage of baby-sitting offers from friends or neighbors. Even an hour on your own can help renew your coping strength.
* Make healthy lifestyle choices. Eat healthy foods. Make time for exercise, such as a brisk daily walk. If you can, sleep when the baby sleeps — even during the day. Avoid alcohol and other drugs.
* Remember that it's temporary. Crying spells often peak at about six weeks and then gradually decrease.
* Know when to call the doctor. If you're concerned about the crying or your baby isn't eating, sleeping or behaving like usual, call your baby's doctor. He or she can help you tell the difference between normal tears and something more serious.
It's also important to recognize your limits. If your baby's crying is causing you to lose control, put the baby in a safe place — such as a crib — and go to another room to collect yourself. If necessary, contact your doctor, a local crisis intervention service or a mental health help line for additional support.
Pacifiers: Are they good for your baby?
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pacifiers/PR00067
For many parents, pacifiers are must-have baby gear. Here are the pros and cons, plus pacifier do's and don'ts.
Babies are born wanting to suck. Some even suck their thumbs or fingers before they're born. Beyond nutrition, sucking is often an important method of self-soothing — a comforting, familiar and calming mechanism in a new world.
That's why many parents rank pacifiers as must haves, right up there with diaper wipes and baby monitors. But are pacifiers really OK for your baby? Although the answer to that question is often debated, the American Academy of Pediatrics gives pacifiers the green light throughout baby's first year.
The pros
For some babies, pacifiers are the key to contentment between feedings. Consider the advantages:
* A pacifier may soothe a fussy baby. Some babies are happiest when they're sucking on something.
* A pacifier offers temporary distraction. When your baby's hungry, a pacifier may buy you a few minutes to find a comfortable spot to nurse or to prepare a bottle. A pacifier also may come in handy during shots, blood tests or other procedures.
* A pacifier may help your baby go to sleep. If your baby has trouble settling down, a pacifier might do the trick.
* Pacifiers may help reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Researchers have found an association between pacifier use during sleep and a reduced risk of SIDS.
* Pacifiers are disposable. When it's time to stop using pacifiers, you can throw them away. If your baby prefers to suck on his or her thumb or fingers, it may be more difficult to break the habit.
The cons
Of course, pacifiers have pitfalls as well. Consider the drawbacks:
* Early pacifier use may interfere with breast-feeding. Sucking on a breast is different from sucking on a pacifier or bottle. Some babies have trouble learning how to nurse properly if they're given a pacifier too soon.
* Your baby may become dependent on the pacifier. If your baby uses a pacifier to sleep, you may face frequent middle-of-the-night crying spells when the pacifier falls out of your baby's mouth.
* Pacifier use may increase the risk of middle ear infections. However, rates of middle ear infections are generally lowest from birth to age 6 months — when the risk of SIDS is the highest and your baby may be most interested in a pacifier.
* Prolonged pacifier use may lead to dental problems. Normal pacifier use during the first few years of life doesn't cause long-term dental problems. If your child continues to use a pacifier persistently, however, his or her top front teeth may slant out or the upper and lower jaws may be misaligned.
Pacifier do's and don'ts
If you choose to offer your baby a pacifier, keep these tips in mind.
* Wait until breast-feeding is well established. Be patient. It may take a few weeks or more to settle into a regular nursing routine. If you're breast-feeding, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends waiting to introduce a pacifier until your baby is 1 month old.
* Let your baby set the pace. If your baby's not interested in the pacifier, try again later — or skip it entirely. Don't force the issue.
* Choose the one-piece, dishwasher-safe variety. Pacifiers made of two pieces pose a choking hazard if they break. The shape and firmness is up to you — or your baby.
* Buy extras. Once you've settled on a favorite pacifier, keep a few identical backups on hand. Many babies refuse a substitute pacifier.
* Keep it clean. Before you use a new pacifier, wash it with soap and water. To keep fungus at bay, soak your baby's pacifier in equal parts white vinegar and water for a few minutes a day. Allow the pacifier to air dry thoroughly before returning it to your baby. Resist the temptation to "rinse" the pacifier in your own mouth. You'll only spread more germs to your baby.
* Watch for signs of deterioration. Replace pacifiers often. A worn or cracked nipple can tear off and pose a choking hazard.
* Use caution with pacifier clips. Never use a string or strap long enough to get caught around your baby's neck.
* Let sleeping babies lie. If the pacifier falls out of your baby's mouth while he or she is sleeping, don't pop it back in.
* Try other ways to calm your baby. Don't use a pacifier as a first line of defense. Sometimes a change of position or a rocking session may be all that's needed. If your baby is hungry, offer the breast or a bottle.
* Know when to pull the plug. Most kids stop using pacifiers on their own between ages 2 and 4. If you're concerned about your child's pacifier use, consult his or her doctor for suggestions.
For many parents, pacifiers are must-have baby gear. Here are the pros and cons, plus pacifier do's and don'ts.
Babies are born wanting to suck. Some even suck their thumbs or fingers before they're born. Beyond nutrition, sucking is often an important method of self-soothing — a comforting, familiar and calming mechanism in a new world.
That's why many parents rank pacifiers as must haves, right up there with diaper wipes and baby monitors. But are pacifiers really OK for your baby? Although the answer to that question is often debated, the American Academy of Pediatrics gives pacifiers the green light throughout baby's first year.
The pros
For some babies, pacifiers are the key to contentment between feedings. Consider the advantages:
* A pacifier may soothe a fussy baby. Some babies are happiest when they're sucking on something.
* A pacifier offers temporary distraction. When your baby's hungry, a pacifier may buy you a few minutes to find a comfortable spot to nurse or to prepare a bottle. A pacifier also may come in handy during shots, blood tests or other procedures.
* A pacifier may help your baby go to sleep. If your baby has trouble settling down, a pacifier might do the trick.
* Pacifiers may help reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Researchers have found an association between pacifier use during sleep and a reduced risk of SIDS.
* Pacifiers are disposable. When it's time to stop using pacifiers, you can throw them away. If your baby prefers to suck on his or her thumb or fingers, it may be more difficult to break the habit.
The cons
Of course, pacifiers have pitfalls as well. Consider the drawbacks:
* Early pacifier use may interfere with breast-feeding. Sucking on a breast is different from sucking on a pacifier or bottle. Some babies have trouble learning how to nurse properly if they're given a pacifier too soon.
* Your baby may become dependent on the pacifier. If your baby uses a pacifier to sleep, you may face frequent middle-of-the-night crying spells when the pacifier falls out of your baby's mouth.
* Pacifier use may increase the risk of middle ear infections. However, rates of middle ear infections are generally lowest from birth to age 6 months — when the risk of SIDS is the highest and your baby may be most interested in a pacifier.
* Prolonged pacifier use may lead to dental problems. Normal pacifier use during the first few years of life doesn't cause long-term dental problems. If your child continues to use a pacifier persistently, however, his or her top front teeth may slant out or the upper and lower jaws may be misaligned.
Pacifier do's and don'ts
If you choose to offer your baby a pacifier, keep these tips in mind.
* Wait until breast-feeding is well established. Be patient. It may take a few weeks or more to settle into a regular nursing routine. If you're breast-feeding, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends waiting to introduce a pacifier until your baby is 1 month old.
* Let your baby set the pace. If your baby's not interested in the pacifier, try again later — or skip it entirely. Don't force the issue.
* Choose the one-piece, dishwasher-safe variety. Pacifiers made of two pieces pose a choking hazard if they break. The shape and firmness is up to you — or your baby.
* Buy extras. Once you've settled on a favorite pacifier, keep a few identical backups on hand. Many babies refuse a substitute pacifier.
* Keep it clean. Before you use a new pacifier, wash it with soap and water. To keep fungus at bay, soak your baby's pacifier in equal parts white vinegar and water for a few minutes a day. Allow the pacifier to air dry thoroughly before returning it to your baby. Resist the temptation to "rinse" the pacifier in your own mouth. You'll only spread more germs to your baby.
* Watch for signs of deterioration. Replace pacifiers often. A worn or cracked nipple can tear off and pose a choking hazard.
* Use caution with pacifier clips. Never use a string or strap long enough to get caught around your baby's neck.
* Let sleeping babies lie. If the pacifier falls out of your baby's mouth while he or she is sleeping, don't pop it back in.
* Try other ways to calm your baby. Don't use a pacifier as a first line of defense. Sometimes a change of position or a rocking session may be all that's needed. If your baby is hungry, offer the breast or a bottle.
* Know when to pull the plug. Most kids stop using pacifiers on their own between ages 2 and 4. If you're concerned about your child's pacifier use, consult his or her doctor for suggestions.
Thursday, August 14, 2008
Bảo quản và sử dụng sữa mẹ
Bảo quản sữa vừa hút xong:
* Nhiệt độ phòng (tối đa 25 °C): Giữ sữa ở nhiệt độ càng thấp càng tốt. Nếu không có tủ lạnh thì có thể giữ sữa ở nhiệt độ phòng (tối đa là 25 °C) khoảng 5h. Bình sữa phải được đậy nắp chặt. Có thể dùng khăn ướt bọc bình sữa để giảm nhiệt độ
* Túi chườm đá hoặc dùng túi gel lạnh (loại thường dùng để giữ lạnh cho rượu chẳng hạn): nếu nhiệt độ ban đầu của túi chườm đá thấp hơn 4 °C thì có thể giữ được tối đa 24h
* Tủ lạnh (4 °C): 3 ngày
* Tủ đông:
+ Nhiệt độ -15 °C: 2 tuần
+ Nhiệt độ - 18 °C: 3 tháng
+ Nhiệt độ - 20 °C: 6 tháng
Sữa đã rã đông có thể giữ trong tủ lạnh 1 ngày
Để tiện kiểm soát nên ghi ngày tháng hút sữa lên túi/bình sữa. Tôi thường dùng chính bình sữa của máy hút sữa (loại tôi dùng là Medela) hay hộp Avent để chia sữa theo lượng con tôi bú mỗi lần.
(ảnh từ nguồn internet)
Trong trường hợp muốn đổ thêm sữa vừa hút vào bình sữa đã trữ lạnh:
- Nếu sữa cũ là sữa trữ trong tủ lạnh: trong vòng 24h có thể bổ sung sữa mới hút. Lưu ý là thời gian trữ sữa sẽ tính theo thời gian của sữa cũ. Ví dụ: ngày 24/1 tôi cho 1 hộp sữa 100ml vào tủ lạnh. Ngày hôm sau 25/1 tôi cho thêm 100ml sữa nữa vào hộp của ngày 24/1. Như vậy hạn dùng của hộp sữa này là ngày 27/1 (24+3 chứ không phải 25+3)
- Nếu sữa cũ là sữa trữ trong tủ đông thì nên cho sữa mới vào tủ lạnh 1 thời gian cho lạnh (khoảng 30' đến 1h) rồi hãy cho sữa mới vào bình sữa cũ. Mục đích là giảm chênh lệch nhiệt độ vì sữa mới hút thường ấm (nhiệt độ cơ thể) có thể làm rã đông sữa cũ đã đông. 1 lưu ý nữa là sữa mới phải ít hơn sữa cũ (lý do như trên)
Khi rã đông sữa mẹ thì tốt nhất là dùng phương pháp ngâm cách thủy (ngâm bình sữa vào ly nước nóng cho đến khi đạt nhiệt độ mong muốn). Trong trường hợp bất khả kháng thì có thể dùng lò vi ba.
**Sữa mẹ được vắt ra, nếu bé dùng ko hết có thể cho vào tủ lạnh tiếp tục bảo quản trong vòng 24 tiếng trong tủ lạnh (4 °C).
**Sữa mẹ có thể được trộn với sữa bột trong cùng 1 bình để cho bé bú, nhưng nếu bé dùng không hết, buộc phải vứt sữa đi, do đó nên cho bé bú sữa mẹ trước và sữa bột sau đó để tránh phung phí nguồn sữa mẹ.
**Sữa mẹ được vắt ra, nếu bé dùng ko hết có thể cho vào tủ lạnh tiếp tục bảo quản trong vòng 24 tiếng trong tủ lạnh (4 °C).
**Sữa mẹ có thể được trộn với sữa bột trong cùng 1 bình để cho bé bú, nhưng nếu bé dùng không hết, buộc phải vứt sữa đi, do đó nên cho bé bú sữa mẹ trước và sữa bột sau đó để tránh phung phí nguồn sữa mẹ.
Friday, July 25, 2008
What does my baby eat?
6-7 months:
* Fruits: pear, apple, banana, peach, apricot, nectarine, plum, mango, melon
* Vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, carrot, string beans, green beans, pumpkin, avocado, courgette, asparagus, eggplants, champions, turnip celery, tomatoes, garden broad beans (fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, tic bean), Belgian endive (witlof), cucumber
8-9 months:
* Fruits: oranges, grapefruits and other citrus fruits
* Vegetables: twice a week you can choose among nitrate-rich vegetables such as spinach, Turnip tops or Turnip greens, endive, beetroot (or table beet), celery, Chinese carbage, and fennel.
10-12 months:
* Fruits: red fruit such as strawberries, raspberries and cherries. Also can give now kiwi, grapes and dates.
* Vegetables: mais/corn and broad beans
* Fruits: pear, apple, banana, peach, apricot, nectarine, plum, mango, melon
* Vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, carrot, string beans, green beans, pumpkin, avocado, courgette, asparagus, eggplants, champions, turnip celery, tomatoes, garden broad beans (fava bean, faba bean, horse bean, field bean, tic bean), Belgian endive (witlof), cucumber
8-9 months:
* Fruits: oranges, grapefruits and other citrus fruits
* Vegetables: twice a week you can choose among nitrate-rich vegetables such as spinach, Turnip tops or Turnip greens, endive, beetroot (or table beet), celery, Chinese carbage, and fennel.
10-12 months:
* Fruits: red fruit such as strawberries, raspberries and cherries. Also can give now kiwi, grapes and dates.
* Vegetables: mais/corn and broad beans
Friday, May 16, 2008
Tips: bình sữa & ti giả
Sử dụng bình sữa & ti giả:
- Lần đầu tiên sử dụng: cho vào nồi nước sôi đun ít nhất 10 phút.
- 8 tuần đầu tiên: đun hàng ngày, 3 phút/lần. Khi đun nhớ tháo rời tất cả các bộ phận của bình sữa. Có thể sử dụng lò vi ba để thanh trùng: cho vào tô (sử dung loại tô dành cho lò vi ba), đổ nước ngập và đun tối đa 3 phút (850 Watt)
- Sau đó chỉ cần rửa sạch với nước rửa chén rồi tráng thật kỹ hay cho vào máy rửa chén sau mỗi lần sử dụng và thanh trùng 2 lần/tuần là đủ.
Khi bình "cũ" (bị mờ, không còn sáng đẹp) thì có thể dùng bã cà phê, một ít nước rửa chén và nước cho vào bình, lắc mạnh rồi rửa sạch & thanh trùng. Bình sẽ sáng đẹp như mới.
Không bao giờ để dây buộc ti giả vòng qua cổ của bé. Buộc dây vào ti giả có thể tránh việc ti giả bị rơi mất nhưng lại có thể gây nguy hiểm cho bé
Ti giả hay núm vú của bình sữa phải luôn sạch sẽ và mềm. Nếu có vết nứt thì phải thay ngay vì bé có thể nghiến đứt rời và nuốt → gây nghẹn & thậm chí có thể làm cho trẻ nghẹt thở
- Lần đầu tiên sử dụng: cho vào nồi nước sôi đun ít nhất 10 phút.
- 8 tuần đầu tiên: đun hàng ngày, 3 phút/lần. Khi đun nhớ tháo rời tất cả các bộ phận của bình sữa. Có thể sử dụng lò vi ba để thanh trùng: cho vào tô (sử dung loại tô dành cho lò vi ba), đổ nước ngập và đun tối đa 3 phút (850 Watt)
- Sau đó chỉ cần rửa sạch với nước rửa chén rồi tráng thật kỹ hay cho vào máy rửa chén sau mỗi lần sử dụng và thanh trùng 2 lần/tuần là đủ.
Khi bình "cũ" (bị mờ, không còn sáng đẹp) thì có thể dùng bã cà phê, một ít nước rửa chén và nước cho vào bình, lắc mạnh rồi rửa sạch & thanh trùng. Bình sẽ sáng đẹp như mới.
Không bao giờ để dây buộc ti giả vòng qua cổ của bé. Buộc dây vào ti giả có thể tránh việc ti giả bị rơi mất nhưng lại có thể gây nguy hiểm cho bé
Ti giả hay núm vú của bình sữa phải luôn sạch sẽ và mềm. Nếu có vết nứt thì phải thay ngay vì bé có thể nghiến đứt rời và nuốt → gây nghẹn & thậm chí có thể làm cho trẻ nghẹt thở
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